Epidemiology of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes

 Epidemiology of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes

Edited by:
Dana Dabelea
University of Colorado HSC
Denver, Colorado, USA
Georgeanna J. Klingensmith
University of Colorado
Aurora, Colorado, USA

Contents
Preface
Contributors
1. Definition, Diagnosis, and Classification of Diabetes in Youth
Nancy A. Crimmins and Lawrence M. Dolan
2. Descriptive Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes in Youth: Incidence, Mortality, Prevalence, and Secular Trends
Anders Green
3. Genetic Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes
George S. Eisenbarth and Theresa A. Aly
4. Early-Life Diet and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes
Melissa D. Simpson and Jill M. Norris
5. Environmental Determinants: The Role of Viruses and Standard of Hygiene
Mikael Knip and Heikki Hy€oty
6. Tempo and Type 1 Diabetes: The Accelerator Hypothesis
Terence J. Wilkin
7. Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Kristen Nadeau and Dana Dabelea
8. Obesity and T2DM in Youth
Ram Weiss and Sonia Caprio
9. Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion in the Pathophysiology of Youth Type 2 Diabetes
Fida Bacha and Silva Arslanian
10. High and Low Birth Weights as Risk Factors for Diabetes
Rachel Pessah, Lois Jovanovic, and David J. Pettitt
11. Monogenic Forms of Diabetes in the Young
Martine Vaxillaire and Philippe Froguel
12. Natural Evolution, Prediction, and Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes in Youth
Craig E. Taplin and Jennifer M. Barker
13. Prevention and Screening for Type 2 Diabetes in Youth
Phil Zeitler and Orit Pinhas-Hamiel
14. Chronic Complications of Childhood Diabetes
Kim C. Donaghue, Fauzia Mohsin, and Monique L. Stone
15. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
R. Paul Wadwa, Elaine M. Urbina, and Stephen R. Daniels
16. Epidemiology of Acute Complications in Youth: Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hypoglycemia
Arleta Rewers and Georgeanna J. Klingensmith
17. Dietary Factors in Youth with Diabetes
Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis and Franziska K. Bishop
18. Health Care Cost and Utilization
Reena Oza-Frank, Ping Zhang, Giuseppina Imperatore, and K.M. Venkat Narayan
19. Treatment Patterns in Youth with Diabetes
Harvey K. Chiu and Catherine Pihoker
20. Psychosocial Issues in Childhood Diabetes
Barbara J. Anderson
Index . . . .

Publisher: Informa HealthCare
Number Of Pages: 376
Publication Date: 2008-02-08
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 1420047973
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9781420047974


Sample chapter 1
Definition, Diagnosis, and Classification
of Diabetes in Youth
Nancy A. Crimmins and Lawrence M. Dolan
Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and
University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: EARLIEST DESCRIPTIONS TO 1965
Early Descriptions of Diabetes

Ancient records up to 3000 years old describe a disease in youth that was sudden in onset, resulted in acute metabolic decompensation, and culminated in death. Although this clinical picture described millennia ago was likely that of diabetes, the first accepted description of diabetes as a disorder associated with increased urine output came from ancient Egypt (the Ebers papyrus) around 1550 B.C. It was not until the second century B.C. that the term ‘‘diabetes’’ was used. Credit for coining ‘‘diabetes’’ is given to Demetrios of Apamaia who derived the term from the Greek word diabeinein, meaning ‘‘siphon’’ or ‘‘pass through.’’

Aretaeus of Cappadocia reported the first clinical description of the disease in the second century A.D. using the term ‘‘diabetes.’’ Focusing on the polyuric aspect of diabetes, he wrote of the ‘‘melting down of flesh and limbs into urine’’ and stated that the disease was infrequent. Diabetes was recognized in Indian medicine in the fifth and sixth centuries as a disorder associated with the production of sweet urine that attracted insects. The term diabetes did not appear in an English text until 1425

In 1674, Thomas Willis, physician to England’s King Charles II, became the first European to discover the sweetness in the urine of those afflicted with diabetes. Perhaps the first English diabetes epidemiologist, Thomas, also noted the importance of lifestyle in the development of diabetes. He noted that the prevalence of diabetes was increasing because of ‘‘good fellowship and gusling down chiefly of unalloyed wine.’’ A century later, Matthew Dobson proved that the sweetness in urine was caused by sugar and was associated with sugar in the blood. John Rollo was the first person to coin the term ‘‘diabetes mellitus’’ (mellitus from Latin for honey) and distinguished this disease from another disease of polyuria, ‘‘diabetes insipidus’’ (insipidus from Latin for tasteless) around the turn of the 18th century.

Early Recognition of Two Distinct Phenotypes of Diabetes As early as the fifth and sixth centuries, Indian descriptions of the diabetes recognized two phenotypes: one that appeared in older, fatter people, and the other in thin people, which was more acute in presentation and quickly led to death. It was not until 1866 that this concept emerged again in a text written by George Harley. He wrote, ‘‘. . .I differ from my predecessors and contemporaries in believing that there are at least two different forms of the disease, requiring diametrically opposite lines of treatment. . . . one of which might be named Diabetes from excessive formation; the other Diabetes from defective assimilation (malnutrition)’’ (1). Etienne

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